Wednesday, March 21, 2012

Walk with the Few


The Few
( Tariku Abas Etenesh)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
I read in the notebook of an old man,
Who was craving to tell me the secrets of his tears,
Whenever he stood and looked at my life’s path.

I never gave him time, though; “I was busy”,
Between doing nothing and getting dizzy;
and following the mass and decrying my own bliss,
For the vogue and acceptance I badly had to make fuss;
Many false starts and mistakes away, 
Once I casually-towards the old man- turned,
Yet the old man was gone;save the notebook he left for me to read:

In his note I read:

“Life has many ends, not one,
When the mass is busy degrading itself,
Under the pretence of normalcy or its proof,
In sermons of parroting and calls for a masquerade,
Pleading to emulate someone or something dead;
Embellishing a known ego vilified the ‘common good,’
Beware, my son, you look out for the few around,
Who into a life of delusion nor denouncements not lured;
Whether you find them or by them you be found,
That must be the way of the future for the unending end,
Leading you to the unbeaten future road.”

 "I wish I read it long ago,"I just said, 
and gave it to my son to read:
“I am busy” he scorned. 

Monday, March 19, 2012

I am an Oasis


I am an Oasis
 ( Tariku Abas Etenesh)

My heart has this sweet lullaby,
Of fewer notes that always say:
When you feel like an oasis in the desert of being,
With springs and purest of waters,
Be worried not of the desert blazing,
Nor be too proud of the caravans,
Taking respite under your shades;
Nor be too worried of their resignation either;
Whether thirsts are quenched by you or not,     
Say: I am an oasis in the desert of being,
And that is enough a cause for me to sing. 
................

Thursday, March 15, 2012

“Where is the sheep?”

Where is the sheep?”

 (Tariku Abas Etenesh)

Do you like humor?


I do.


Oftentimes, I try to find the mirthful face of my social encounters; and luckily, I usually get what I seek. It is not just the fun and the laughter that delights me the most; it is the shade of wit they leave with me to ponder about later. Well obviously, the one fine ingredient of humors is their unpredictability; they often sprout out of moments that one could less expect them to. Not all humorous moments would fall into such category; but when they do, they last with me for long.


Sometime, one doesn’t have to actually experience the situations to laugh; recalling humorous moments would suffice; they only need some triggers.


I got one of these triggers recently from an unlikely corner: the Arab revolt. These days one has to be totally isolated in the woods to not know and hear about the youth in Tunisia who, driven by economic desperation and political repressions, finally reclaimed their freedom; the youth in Egypt for the same cause as Tunis, steadfastly stood for their freedom and ended tyranny; the youth in Yemen, Libya and Bahrain all literally called their political leaders to live out the values that brought them to palace or leave.


Well then, where is the humor in this? In fact, nothing funny about the revolts; only that the manner with which the leaders challenged by their own people reacted reminded me of some humorous moments.


Let me share you two of the humorous moments that left me exploding in laughter the moment they happened and later left their witty side to ponder about and especially now see them in line with the Arab revolt and its implications to other countries with leaders of the same despotic credentials.


The humor


Years ago, on an Easter midnight, everyone at home was breaking the two months long fast gathered around the dinning table, sharing the holiday feast in a festive mood. In the middle of all the eating, drinking and chatting, the housemaid suddenly sounded struck by disbelief, stopped eating, stood up and run out of the living room. As her abruptness caused me wonder, I followed her outside. Out in the garden, at a wooden pole where the sheep slaughtered for the holiday was tied to a day before, she seemed to be searching for something.


“What are you looking for?” I asked.


Without replying my question she simply walked towards the kitchen and then to the garden seemed to be searching for something which I didn’t know. I knew she had remembered something while on dinner, but what could that be?


“I forgot!” she said at last.


“What did you forget?”


 “I forgot to tie the sheep.”


Her reply was greeted by a sudden explosion of laughter from me, those who followed me outside, and those around the dining table. This seemed to confuse the housemaid even more.


“Why are you laughing?” she asked stern.


The laughter was because she was looking for the sheep she was supposed to always tie at night. But what she had, for at least that moment, forgotten was that she was enjoying it as dinner with us. Suddenly on the blank about it, she had forgotten that it was slaughtered during the day and that she had made it into all sort of traditional stew we were enjoying. Her night time routine took the better of her.


I still laugh when I remember that moment.


The other one happened couple of weeks back when I met a six months old child of my friend’s. When I stepped into my friend’s bedroom, the angel like child looked at me and accompanied with his seraphic smile, he stretched his small hands indicating his need to be hugged. I picked him up happily.

  

Once hugged though, the child still kept smiling and seemed to be looking at something towards the door; my attempt to kiss his beautiful baby face was greeted by his sincere desire towards something at the door I didn’t realize.


I had to ask his mom to learn that the child was searching for me at the door even when he was in my hands. I had to put him back in his cradle to play with him. Well, the child’s spatial abilities were not yet well developed that was why he didn’t realize he was in the hands of the person he was looking for at the door.


The two moments although humorous had also given me a reason to ponder about and see their witty side. Especially when I see someone who walked out of his marriage, job, or friendship, or team or, or even himself or his   personality and pay a lot, go up and down and fruitlessly toil to finally learn that he was searching for the very thing he had already left behind or already have.

  

Where is the sheep?” in Africa


African history has countless examples of such realities both at individual and national levels. Leaders of nations, who practically played ‘the child in the cradle’ showing their seraphic looks and giving luring promises, to get the acceptance and embrace of their people are too many to count and everywhere to see. We have seen myriads of them pledging better leadership, respect of people’s rights, and the celebration of the greatness of man. Some even fought for decades to forge their respective nations into the ‘new nations’ they thought better according to  their own creeds; some have staged coups to topple governments accusing their predecessors of failing to provide justice to their fellow men. These power enthusiasts, underdog politicians, freedom fighters, or revolutionaries, before firmly holding the scepter of absolute rule, were often known for their loudness and craze about justice and freedoms for all people. 


In a sense, most of these leaders, in their heydays of ascending to power had won the hearts and minds of millions in their respective countries. Like the child in the cradle, however, the moment they got embraced by the resources and power of their respective nations to the services of their fellow country men, they turned away from respecting their own people.  Some, like Mubarak and Ben Ali, immediately surround themselves with state of emergencies and anti-terrorist laws like barbed wires to fend off any potential opposition.


The more they remained on the helm; the more their loyalty and accountability shifted to foreign forces than to the source of their real power: their country men. They often go to the point where they feel terrified by a report of a foreign agency than an out cry of millions of their citizens. Such leaders feel, regardless of their control of power for decades or even scores, still believe they need more time to respect their people’s rights and make justice a reality. In a sense, they claim where is the sheep of opportunity to do the right thing when they already had it for long.


Distracting the public from demanding its rights, these despots would do everything with damaging potentials to their nation’s sovereignty; even the most divisive of techniques such as appealing to religious affiliation and tribal allegiances.    



One common even comfortable cave used by despots around Africa as shield to evade accountability is tribalism. Dicing and slicing their people along tribal lines, trying to deepen the divides of already existing tribal tensions, intentionally keeping tribes busy watching each other and consider injustices perpetrated on other tribes as nothing concerning them and make injustices being perpetrated on human beings a factor of ones tribal background.  These despots don’t even hesitate to maintain dominance over the military, intelligence and key economic positions of their nations by their tribesmen as the best tactic of clinging to power. The most recent case of such arrogance against the people was exhibited in Tunis, Egypt, Bahrain, Syria, and Libya. There are still many despots in Africa who still are subjecting their people to such grime reality of divide and rule.  


What more makes the leaders challenged by the Arab Revolt the same, than their succumbing to the lavish squandering of basic values at the expense of their peoples rights and claiming more power for themselves while denying their people the same?


This is what I find hilarious: the attempts of some of the despots who are toppled by their own people, to pledge to make peoples lives better, and allow democratic institutions function freely, and to still demand the trust of their people after literally failing to do so from their table of leadership for decades. This is nothing more like crying “where is the sheep?’ when they were actually eating it for decades and failed to realize it.  


Where is the sheep?” in Ethiopia


Ethiopia is no less ‘lucky’ a nation to see such paradoxes of leadership unfolding in various forms and textures where the “sheep” of political power was suddenly searched by the very leaders who were enjoying it on the table of historical opportunities they were provided with.


Any person concerned about sniffing such funny –cum- sad “where is the sheep?” moments in Ethiopian politics could easily find a lot for his ‘amusement’. Leaders who took their turns at the helm since the time of the Emperor HAiesilassie had not missed their shares of such moments.


When the great Ethiopian revolution of the 1960’s was sprouting to challenge the age old Feudal system, it was not, at any rate, the beginning of people’s resentments; it was rather the tipping point for the oppression and injustices felt by the people of Ethiopia. The monarchy in power for half a century had failed the country by forgetting to recognize that its legitimacy actually (though was constitutionally claimed to come from God) came from the people. Thus, the system’s readiness to recognize the brewing revolution was no where in sight and this lack of sight actually led the system to crumble and slide into oblivion.


The funny yet sad manner of the end of the feudal system, as for me, is better captured in a dramatic scene during the day of Emperor Hailesilassie’s official forced abdication. That day, he was forced to ride in a blue Volkswagen. It was reportedly claimed that the emperor hearing people outside his palace crying “thief”, “thief” at him, misunderstood the subject of the people’s name calling to be his captors and not him. Is this not like claiming “where is the sheep?” for a person who led his country for half century and not know what he and the people around him and the system they represented were actually serving his country men with and that he was being served the fat sheep of injustice he had fattened?


What followed during the fierce struggle by left wing politicians, who all wanted to be at the helm and loathed to see anyone but themselves, or hear no one but themselves, didn’t leave any options untried to seize power including bloodshed. The baby of such aura of the time, Dergue came to power with a rather peaceful looking “Ethiopia Forward without bloodshed” to actually became the seismic center of the mayhem imposed on the whole the country for seventeen years.


The funny and tragic political “where is the sheep” moment for Colonel Mengistu’s government, as for me, was captured in what happened during the last years of his regime. In his last televised speech to the nation, the Colonel, had one of his usual long speeches. Among the many things he said that day, the hilarious line, for me, was when he asked” ……was Dergue really the oppressor?” Where was he during his own seventeen years of power as a military dictator to ask that question? He must have been too blind to believe that his government’s policies haven’t taxed the country a lot in human and economic, social and moral terms.     


EPRDF, with the countries scepter of power in its hand for the last two decades, was by no means unlucky to have its own political “where is the sheep’ moments.


One of, the many ‘where is the sheep’ moments for EPRDF, as for me, was captured well when, one of its big officials came on the record in his book, Yehulet Mirchawoch Weg(the Tale of Two Elections) after a land slide defeat in Addis Ababa of EPRDF to KINIJET (Coalition), that the opposition got such unexpected victory due to “sudden winds of the moment” not due to winning the hearts and minds of the people. By claiming so through one of its prominent figures, EPRDF, seems to be literally crying out loud a political “where is the sheep” when it was supposed to have known how the people it had led for more (during the elections) seventeen years really felt about the party.  Later, however the, “it was a wind...” rhetoric sees to have changed from within the party towards accepting the meaning of the people’s vote in that election. 


Where is the sheep?” personally


I know I have been in one of that moment where like the house maid was searching for the sheep when I was actually eating it. Have you even been in one of such moments? Have you ever seen people who try to measure the level of their values against anything of the vogue but their own? Have you ever seen people searching for love or marriage of a kind they dream of and still be blind to see what they already have was what they were looking for? Have you ever seen friends suffering from the lack of risk taking to sell their potentials and cry out loud for ways to secure the potential they already have?


What can a man has more than himself to seek what he wants to secure in this world? Would going otherwise be any less than eating the stew and searching or the sheep alive?


I know a couple of friendship, marriages and jobs that were severed and resented only because the possessor of those entities failed to recognize the fact that he owned what he was looking for in with or within themselves.


Everyday comes with an opportunity to allow Not being able to have the compass of experience that would tell one the spatial orientation of values one cherishes in life, would finally make him lose what he possesses.


Let me end the article with a question:


If your mind suddenly asked you where is the sheep of your job, or your marriage, friendship, or your values, or your responsibilities, what would you say?



Tarikutare@gmail.com

Wednesday, March 14, 2012

Branding Fear



Branding Fear
(Tariku Abas Etenesh)



Months ago, I paid for a ticket at the box office of Ambassador Theater to watch an old, 1998 released movie, Soldier. I was commencing a planned lazy Sunday morning with one of my pastime activities. However, when I left the movie theater, I was replaying a scene from the film, in my mind, again and again.

The film with the lead role of a soldier, Todd, acted by Curt Russell, depicts a world order where soldiers are selected from birth to be trained in an institution where they would be subjected to trainings aimed at turning them into remorseless killing machines capable of no emotion but a few.

Almost half way in to the movie, Todd, declared dead after a fight with a better trained soldier of another military school, gets discarded. En route to the dumping site, he regains consciousness to only realize he was in a waste ship. He finally finds himself dumped on another planet. The planet is fortunately life supporting but ceaselessly stormed by a cycle of heavy gusts of sand storms.

A small community of survivors from a shuttle crash of long ago lived on that planet. It is this community that Todd joined as ill prepared as he was to survive in a non military setting of that kind.

The part that triggered me to write came in one of the scenes when Todd was being trained on cutlery and handling, gets distracted by the beauty of his host and cuts his finger. Despite the cut and bleeding, however, he shows no emotion. Astounded by his failure to exhibit pain, his host Sandra, sincerely wanted to know why that was so and asked:

Sandra: Sgt. Todd... what's it like? What's it like being a soldier? What do you think about? 
[silence] 
Sandra: You must think about something? 
[silence] 
Sandra: What about feelings then? 
[silence] 
Sandra: You must *feel* something? 
[pause] 
Todd: Fear. 
Sandra: Fear? 
Todd: Fear and discipline. 
Sandra: Now? 
Todd: Always. 

The terms Fear and Discipline were used in the scene to effectively represent the weight of deprivation the character had undergone throughout his life that left him inept in a non military setting. The mercilessness he gained from his training was met by the naked realities of his natural tendencies towards living beyond the limits of artificially dictated experiences.

Age of the ‘unprecedented’ everything?

After the movie, I asked myself, if contemporary society both developing and developed, were a band of pop singers in a studio with the aim of recording an album whose lyric represents what filled the hearts and minds of millions, what more would have been an appropriate title for the album than Fear and Discipline?

You might feel otherwise but as for me, especially during this age of the “unprecedented everything”, very less seems to be on the horizon to claim otherwise. Have you noticed how heads of states and the media these days seem to have fallen in love with the word “unprecedented”, usually in a negative tone? I would say the media is the Gold medalist for using it in pessimistic tone. Unprecedented economic downturn, unprecedented flood, unprecedented nuclear fallout, unprecedented earthquake, unprecedented revolution; the list seems to be endless. Thanks to the doomsday enthusiasts, we even had an ‘unprecedented end of the world’ just last year on May 21 2011.

Darkly tinted ‘Unprecedented’ is tuning itself into a household symphony too often filling the air. If decades have defining spells represented in single words, unprecedented seems to be the drum-major for the current age. If we curiously look around, it won’t take us long to realize how crowded we are with the many ‘unprecedented’.

What is striking is not the often fear rousing manner the word is used by leaders and the media, but the manner it has turned itself into a mantra of everyday life. Don’t take me wrong here, most people might not say it out loud literally but live it nevertheless and vise-versa. It doesn't take one to be a social theorist to learn how societies are made to tick in some manners due to words styled as policies and opinions usually coming down from leaders with weight of their nations’ responsibilities coupled with the media agitation.  

Lines emphasizing uneasiness, uncertainties, and dread have polluted the air so much so that millions are forced to take things as all unprecedented and thus uncertain and live in fear.  

Fear on sell? 

Like every major age in recorded history has seen, the information age has already defined a social chemistry fitting the age that imposes not only the guiding rhetoric of the age for people but also their everyday “to think list.” And as far as I am concerned, one item in the current menu of this to think list which is ushered by its cousin “unprecedented” and served with the illusive partner discipline is fear.

The usual excuse tainted ‘hey that is just the reality and the media is reflecting it pragmatically’; would only be simplifying the matter too much. I have no problem with the words; it is with the brand name advertised with it called ‘fear mongering’ that I have problem with.

Fear mongering seems to have assumed an airborne virus status infecting millions who are in frequent contact of the point of contagion that are intended to sell it like hot cakes. These points of contagion among other are also information sources of the nature that our everyday lives are intertwined with.

Edward Bernays, the publicity guru who is credited for staring the profession of Public Relation (PR) and on how to use the media for the manipulation of the mass, wrote in his often quoted 1925 text Propaganda, thatit is possible to regiment the public mind every bit as much as an army regiments their bodies.” And he is credited to have laid the basis for the subsequent use of the media by political as well as commercial interests for the manipulation of the mass. Governments in every part of the world known after various credentials of governance, when they lack the will to uphold the unalienable rights of man, for various reasons, fear mongering becomes their best partner to rule.

The success of such manipulations is largely seen as a factor of fear due to felt or anticipated danger which instead instills a dictated discipline favorable for the political as well as commercial interests.

Such factors, i.e. disciplining the mass through fear are rare to be spelled out by politicians to be their overt goals. Yet whenever needed, they tune the media in their control to brand a marketable fear that could be justified as a factor of threat threatening the public from corners visible for the eyes of the government but not to the public. This in turn subtly demands a controlled behavior or discipline of a kind that yields subjugation to the whims of the special interests. Such seems to be the case both in developed and developing countries.

History is witness to the fact that during great economic upheavals, as the world is currently facing, irrational forces with narrow political, religious, or economic interests who sell fear under the cover of national interests, find it easy to regiment the mass behind their goals of subjugation. During the Second World War the Nazi party in Germany had to cling to this technique of selling fear by attaching fear to every positive edifice the mass holds dearly to. Hermann Wilhelm Göring one of the trusted men to Hitler is famous to have said, “Naturally, the common people don't want war…. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy or a fascist dictatorship or a Parliament or a Communist dictatorship. ...voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is to tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country.   
For a careful observer of current situations in the world, Hermann Wilhelm’s lines seem to be the ‘holy lines’ from which religious extremists, hardliner politicians, authoritarian governments, even some democratic nations get their dictates from and sell fear like hot cakes to the mass. Such is a favorable environment for parasite elements, organized or otherwise, both among the mass and in governments, who seek nothing but to thrive at the exploitation of others including the best interest of their nation’s wealth and sovereign interests. The first target during such times of uncertainty is man’s inalienable rights of men for life and liberty and free production without the bondage of parasites dictating the terms.    

No matter how the dye of this decade and its accompanying chorus of dread could claim to confess otherwise, it is unavoidable reality that humanity as a whole has always come out stronger and triumphant out of the dark epochs to usher better days.

When the forces of fear declare as they are doing now around the world through the various media under their control, the multiple prohibitive policies they print everyday, they are trying to sell branded terror as the expense of the rational person’s insistence to live free and defend his inalienable rights.



TAE



Tuesday, March 13, 2012

Of Beauty and Character


Of Beauty and Character  


(Tariku Abas Etenesh


 “What is beauty and what is character?” this was the question I asked myself when I read an African saying that goes: “Your beauty will take you there, but your character will bring you back.” What of beauty is agent of reaching one’s destination and what of character the agent of return? I know discussing such concepts might turn into volumes of metaphysical discourses and still not be conclusive enough to address the manifestations and implications of the concepts in various cultures and circumstances.

I read the saying a couple of years ago but it was not until I heard a story last month that I found a context in which I could clearly understand its implications to Africans like myself. The story that gave me a big aha moment was a story of nomadic tribes in Ethiopia.

These nomadic tribes, by virtue of their way of life, move from place to place in search of pasture and water following seasonal changes. Such is a given about any nomadic tribe, but what took me by surprise was what I heard they always do when some critical happening like draught threaten the tribe’s existence.

During such moments of eminent danger, the tribe elders council together and evaluate if the water and food they have is enough to take them to the next source of water and food.  And if they deem it necessary for the tribe to secure more food and water for its survival, right at that moment, they enact an age old tradition that dictates choosing the young, the strong, and the able from among the tribe members for a mission.

The mission starts by handing over the remaining of the food and water the tribe has to the selected few and instructing them to go as far as they could and fetch food and water for the tribe as quick as they could. “What!” I interjected and asked “why does the whole tribe risk its existence by giving all its means of survival to the youth? What if the young didn’t return?” The person, who told me the story, had lived and studies the tribe to tell me with complete certainty, “Why wouldn’t they? They are raised strong to be of purpose for moments of this nature; besides, it is the greatest honor for them to live up to this expectation. They DO RETURN; it is in their blood.”

Well back to the saying I mentioned at the beginning, what is beauty and what is character? In the context of the tribe’s story, allow me to say this: what is beauty if it is not the greatest value that a person and group or community hold up high; and what is character if it is not the translation of values that a person or community holds up high in to action?

If in the story the young members of the tribe were out on a mission, it is because they represent the value, and in a sense the beauty, of their community. And when they go out, accomplish their mission and come back, that is a manifestation of their character.
  
Most appropriately, the day I heard that story from the anthropologist, I was with an Indian friend of mine who is one of the thousands around the world making themselves providers in the field of IT. Prompted by the story, we were discussing the moral of that story and its implications.  We agreed that the moral of that story should be that when one choose to identity oneself with a community, a group or a family, by implication one is buying into the moral and psychological fibers of that groups to dictate your way of life and thus responsible to it, for which my Indian friend was a perfect example.

I say he is a good example because he is a graduate of one of the respected universities in India specializing in Information Technology and currently representing an international company based in Washington DC. This single fact is to some extent attributable to how the moral of that African story has worked for Indians. If you ask why, here is how I see it:  I couple of decades ago India use to send its best minds to the West so that they could fetch what the country is thirsty about: technology and knowledge to transform itself. And so the best minds now have, like in the tribal story, comeback and changed the face of India and its place in the world, especially with regards to Information Technology. Technology and knowledge transfer has made this great transformation happen.

In the context of that story, we chatted that the case of Japan, who until just a couple of months ago use to be the second biggest economy of the world, and the new silver medalist of world economy, china, are good examples of how that code of the tribal story has manifested itself to their great advantage. Technology and knowledge transfer to a great extent has helped both India and china in their bid to take on the world in different front, that now the direction of transfer is changing from China and India to the West.


Talking about how the East, specially India and China are taking on the world in various fronts especially in the economy brought us to the big question: how about Ethiopia and Africa?

That was when the heated discussion started to weigh on me and asked, why not for Ethiopia and for Africa too? 

I am not history expert but I fell that this is one of those historical moments that Africa should wake up, be strong and selectively claim a place in the future world. And Ethiopia as one of the oldest nations of the continent with millions of Diaspora who could make a real comeback, like in the case of china and India, has a grand get the country going on a new and vigorous, confident lane of nationhood.

Talking of Ethiopian Diaspora, couldn’t give us the room for copycat analysis for the Chinese or India’s experience. The nature of the Ethiopian Diaspora is not uniform as the cause for being among one are not the same.  Fleeing political persecutions, economic migrations, and education could constitute among many of the reasons why we have millions of Ethiopians around the world. And not all have the same view of what the ‘beauty’ their country believes with in them, that took them where they are is and the understanding they have on the ‘character’ that could induce their comeback.    

But there is one single fact, it is impossible to think of part of the world where there is not Ethiopian these days and given the best of circumstances to come back and make impact on the development of the country. The USD 780 million remitted by Ethiopians in the Diaspora in the past ten months, according to latest report from the National Bank of Ethiopia, one indication to the connection the Diaspora maintains.

Remittance is one way of a comeback but more is expected and is possible to be done by the Diaspora in technology and knowledge, transfer. Great many Ethiopian intellectuals around the world working in world famous universities, many working in world renowned research institutes, and many successfully running businesses, should be given the mechanism that help them contribute their share in shaping the future of Ethiopia.

This would remain a single handed effort if the initiatives of the Diaspora to contribute in knowledge transfer, is not couples with the necessary policy and committed framework on the government part. As in the tribal story, the country has given what it has to her citizens. In the eyes of the recipient though, all might not be all good or all bad; yet, what ever the reason might be the reason for departure  the country is yearning for the comeback of the great Ethiopian spirit to lift her up to the greatness she aspire to reach.

From those who left the country to save their lives from the persecution of political powers, she expects a comeback in the form of political solutions and alternatives; from those who left for educational reason, she expects a comeback of knowledge transfer; from those who left on economic grounds, she expects a comeback of investments to change the reality of the past.     

The current government should also recognize that it has to be part of the comeback by facilitating the atmosphere by recognizing the legitimate yearning of the country for return of her sons and daughters and their rights to take part in the process without political imperatives and prejudice clouding the efforts.
                             ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
TAE